The Philosophy of Fichte and Friedrich W. Schelling

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27 Gennaio 2019

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27 Gennaio 2019

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German philosophy at the end of the 18th and the beginning of the 19th century witnessed a period of extraordinary intellectual creativity, largely inspired by Immanuel Kant’s transcendental idealism.

Among the main exponents of this current are Johann Gottlieb Fichte (1762-1814) and Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling (1775-1854), two thinkers who developed and transformed the Kantian legacy in innovative directions. While Fichte emphasized the role of the Ego (or I) and subjectivity as fundamental principles of philosophy, Schelling explored the relationship between nature and spirit, laying the foundations for a philosophy of nature and for philosophical romanticism.

This text will examine in detail the main philosophical contributions of Fichte and Schelling, analyzing their most significant works and highlighting the differences and connections between their thoughts.

Johann Gottlieb Fichte (1762-1814)

Historical and Philosophical Context

Fichte is considered one of Kant’s main successors and one of the founders of German idealism. His philosophy emerges in a context where the Kantian legacy was the subject of intense debate and interpretation. Fichte aims to resolve some difficulties of the Kantian system, in particular the separation between phenomenon and noumenon, offering a more coherent and systematic vision.

Main Works

Foundations of the Entire Doctrine of Science (1794-1795)
The System of Ethics (1798) (Often referred to as System of the Doctrine of Morals)
The Vocation of Man (1800)
Addresses to the German Nation (1808)

The Doctrine of Science (Wissenschaftslehre)

Fichte’s philosophy is based on a fundamental concept: the Ego (or I) is the absolute principle of knowledge and reality. In the Wissenschaftslehre, Fichte describes the original act by which the Ego posits itself as existing. This act is the starting point of his philosophy, from which all the categories and structures of thought and experience derive.

Ego and Non-Ego

The fundamental principle of Fichte’s philosophy is that the Ego posits itself as an absolute subject. However, the Ego encounters a limit, represented by the Non-Ego, that is, the objective or material world. This limit is not something external to the Ego, but is posited by the Ego itself to allow the relationship between subject and object.

The Fichtean Dialectic

Fichte develops a dialectic in three moments:

The Ego posits itself (thesis/affirmation).
The Ego posits the Non-Ego as a limit (antithesis/negation).
The Ego recognizes itself in relation to the Non-Ego (synthesis).

This dialectical structure allows us to understand the process through which the Ego constructs reality and relates to the external world.

Ethics and Freedom

For Fichte, the Ego is essentially active and free. Fichtean ethics is based on the idea that the Ego has the duty to continually overcome the limits posed by the Non-Ego, realizing its own freedom through moral action. Freedom, for Fichte, is not a static condition, but a dynamic process of self-affirmation.

Political Philosophy

In the Addresses to the German Nation, Fichte articulates a vision of political philosophy based on the idea of community and cultural unity. He argues for the necessity of a moral and spiritual renewal of the German nation, proposing an educational system that forms free and responsible citizens.

Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling (1775-1854)

Historical and Philosophical Context

Schelling began his philosophical career as a student of Fichte, but soon detached himself from his teacher, developing an original philosophical system. His philosophy evolves in different phases, from the early works influenced by Fichte to his maturity, characterized by a more autonomous and articulated reflection on nature, art, and freedom.

Main Works

System of Transcendental Idealism (1800)
Ideas for a Philosophy of Nature (1797-1799)
Philosophy and Religion (1804)
Philosophical Inquiries into the Nature of Human Freedom (1809) (Often shortened to On Human Freedom)

The Philosophy of Nature

One of Schelling’s most original contributions is his Philosophy of Nature, in which he tries to overcome the separation between nature and spirit present in Kantian and Fichtean philosophy. For Schelling, nature is not a mere passive object, but a living organism endowed with an active and creative principle.

Nature and Spirit

Schelling sees nature as a manifestation of the spirit. Nature is spirit in potency, while spirit is nature that has reached self-consciousness. This dialectical relationship between nature and spirit is central to Schelling’s philosophy.

Transcendental Idealism and Art

In the System of Transcendental Idealism, Schelling explores the relationship between the subject and the object, seeking a synthesis between idealism and realism. Art occupies a privileged role in this system, as it represents the culmination of the reconciliation between nature and spirit. For Schelling, the work of art is the highest expression of the creative freedom of the human spirit.

Philosophy of Freedom

In On Human Freedom, Schelling addresses the problem of evil and human freedom. He argues that freedom is a fundamental characteristic of being, but that it also implies the possibility of evil. Schelling’s philosophy seeks to understand how freedom can be compatible with the order of the world.

Religion and Metaphysics

In his later works, Schelling increasingly dedicates himself to religious and metaphysical questions, trying to develop a positive philosophy that goes beyond pure idealism. He explores the relationship between God, the world, and human freedom, proposing a dynamic vision of reality as a continuously evolving process.

Comparison between Fichte and Schelling

Fundamental Principle:
- For Fichte, the fundamental principle is the Ego, which posits itself and constructs reality.
- For Schelling, the fundamental principle is the dynamic unity between nature and spirit.
Relationship with Nature:
- Fichte sees nature as a limit posited by the Ego.
- Schelling considers nature a living organism and a manifestation of the spirit.
Art and Creativity:
- Fichte attributes little importance to art.
- Schelling elevates art to the supreme manifestation of the synthesis between nature and spirit.
Freedom:
- Fichte emphasizes freedom as a process of moral self-affirmation.
- Schelling analyzes freedom as an ontological principle, also addressing the problem of evil.

Conclusion

The philosophies of Fichte and Schelling represent two crucial moments in the evolution of German idealism. While Fichte develops a system centered on the Ego and subjectivity, Schelling broadens the philosophical horizon by including nature, art, and religion. Both have had a lasting influence on subsequent philosophy, paving the way for thinkers such as Hegel and philosophical romanticism.

Bibliography

Fichte, Johann Gottlieb. Foundations of the Entire Doctrine of Science. 1794-1795.
Fichte, Johann Gottlieb. Addresses to the German Nation. 1808.
Schelling, Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph. System of Transcendental Idealism. 1800.
Schelling, Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph. Philosophical Inquiries into the Nature of Human Freedom. 1809.